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00:00:58,333 --> 00:01:01,958
We are the Yepâmasa people.
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We are the grandchildren
of Doêthiro,
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the first man made
by the creator of the Universe.
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All our sacred chants
and blessings
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were given to us
by the creator of the universe.
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Doêthiro, the first man,
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came from the waters,
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and we are his descendants.
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We arrived here
with the big snake,
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the canoe
that changed humanity.
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We conquered the New World.
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And we're still around.
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This is our territory.
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We feed our children
with what we produce.
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We educate them
with our traditional knowledge
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and teach them
to preserve Nature.
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Our knowledge is ancient
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and we own this land.
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ETERNAL AMAZON
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The Amazon,
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in the international landscape
and in the tropical landscape,
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is the last remaining large area
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of continuous forest
on the planet.
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We're talking about
5 million Square kilometres,
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an immense area accounting for
60% of Brazilian territory.
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The Amazon is around the
size of the whole of Western Europe.
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It has a huge percentage
of the planet's biodiversity.
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and 20% of the world's fresh water.
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An Amazonian reality
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that often
draws the attention
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of those
who don't know the area
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is that the Amazon
is inhabited with people.
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There are people
living there.
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They live all over the Amazon.
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There are people living
along all its rivers;
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some parts are
more populated than others.
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Why are you laughing?
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How would you like to live?
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I was raised by the riverbank
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and I'd like to go on
living like that.
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In general we can divide
conservation units into
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those that allow the existence
of human populations
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and those that restrict
humans from living there.
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For example, parks
and ecological stations
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restrict human populations.
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You can't live there.
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REVEX means a reserve where
resource extraction takes place,
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but is still a place of
environmental conservation
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with people living
within it.
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These are traditional
populations
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using the forest
in a sustainable manner.
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We work with wood
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that's been part of
the forest for 20 or 30 years.
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It looks useless,
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but we get that
wood, bring it here,
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and process it.
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OficinasCaboclas are involved
in an effort to try to build
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a management system
that is adequate
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for the conservation
unit structure.
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So that the forests can begin to be used,
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by the communities
within certain areas,
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to generate
a family income.
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We work with
the sucupira tree,
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the macaw palm.
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The yellow tonka bean
and the black tonka bean.
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Golden and pink
trumpet tree.
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And also
the itauba tree.
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The muirapixuna tree.
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The best days of
my life
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are when I carve wood.
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I feel good.
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We find the tree,
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"We can shape an
animal out of this one."
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Some shapes are
harder than others.
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Alligators are the hardest
because of the detail.
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Turtles are easy.
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The sloth is easy.
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Armadillos are also hard
because they have more detail.
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When exploitation
was not properly legalised,
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one tree would sell
for approximately 10 reais.
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Today that same tree,
with the added value
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from the development
process in the workshops,
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the tree is transformed
into craft
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and is now worth 6,000
or 7,000 reais.
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The riverside population,
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born and raised
in nature,
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have learnt to use
its resources
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for medicine, food, and
entertainment.
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Everything
comes from nature.
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In the populated areas
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the forest is more preserved.
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I'm proud of living
in a conservation area
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of 545,000 hectares.
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I'm proud of it.
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I'm not the only one
who lives off it.
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Across the world
people live
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by breathing
the forest where I live.
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The Amazon ecosystems
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are generally characterized
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by a lot of forest
and a lot of water.
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The two things are closely related.
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In addition,
in terms of the nutrients
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available for the plants
to grow,
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most of the forest grows
on soil that is chemically poor.
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The Amazon is
more fragile than it looks.
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Flying over the Amazon,
you would think it is impossible
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to destroy it.
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It's so large, it can't be!
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But every ecosystem
has a point of no return,
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and if you
take too much from it,
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it can no longer self-regulate
and it begins its downward spiral,
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destroying itself.
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There weren't any
fish left in the river.
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They took everything.
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It's hard to hit the fish.
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It's not easy.
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You must be careful
because if it fights back,
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it can hurt you
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or even kill you.
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We practiced destructive fishing
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because we caught
big and small fish indiscriminately.
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There was no control.
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The pirarucu was overfished.
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The number of pirarucu was
much smaller than what is allowed,
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and they were fishing
the young ones.
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Then they started the
Mamirauá project
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and they asked us
to join them in this;
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to help come to an agreement on how
to manage the product.
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We're supposed to
manage 30% of the fish.
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The counting
method was developed
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from the fishermen's
knowledge
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of recognizing
individual differences
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amongst the pirarucu.
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Each fisherman has a gift.
They were born and raised here,
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watching the fish from
an early age,
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in their father's canoe.
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As they grow
up, they can identify
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whether the fish
is large or small
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by the way that they float.
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The small ones surface
every 5 minutes,
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the larger ones
take up to 10 minutes.
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The really big
ones can take 20 minutes.
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Sometimes there are
1 or 2 missing,
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but it's a deviation
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of 2 or 3%.
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I noticed that the people
who used to smuggle,
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no longer
attempt to today.
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Under management,
fishing is permitted.
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When Ibama works with you,
everything is ok,
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we no longer have to worry.
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Fish smaller than
1.5m are prohibited.
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They are numbered.
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"Fish number 1...Fish number 2 etc..."
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Traditional knowledge
is undoubtedly important.
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Scientific knowledge
is undoubtedly important.
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Uniting these
both for management
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is working well.
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Sometimes I'd
stand there and look out.
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There were times
when we couldn't see anything,
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and now when I look,
I get excited
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because we see lots of fish.
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It's a great feeling,
when you see an abundance.
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It's just great!
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If we don't take care of it,
what will happen to our livelihood?
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We have to protect our lake
for as long as we live.
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To make sure we
have our pirarucu,
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tambaqui, croaker,
the surubim catfish...
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many different types of fish.
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Attention, passengers
going up the Madeira river.
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We leave every Tuesday
from the terminal,
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to Nova Olinda,
Borba and Aripuanã.
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Come and travel with us
every Tuesday.
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Up the Madeira river
to Nova Olinda,
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Borba,
all the way to Aripuanã.
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Value in Economics
is importance.
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How do I put
value on an ecosystem,
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a species,
or a role in nature?
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By showing
how important the role,
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this ecosystem
or species is.
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Keep the Amazon intact,
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use it in a
sustainable fashion,
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keep its canopy working.
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This is not necessarily
an environmental
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or social opportunity,
but economic.
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00:19:41,292 --> 00:19:44,625
Every step you take here,
you see large amounts of biodiversity,
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from the fungi
growing inside houses
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to the number of
animals walking in the backyard.
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I'll give you
a number of examples.
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There's an Amazon beetle
that's worth $8,000.
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Why is the Amazon beetle so valuable?
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One gram of
brown spider venom
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is worth $25,000.
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What is in one gram
of the brown spider venom?
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Let's look at the Amazon's
underground water dwellers,
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the aquifers.
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They are equivalent
to US$ 1.9 quadrillion.
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There's enough water
to supply the whole world.
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You have to use its
resources. Why?
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If you don't give
value to the forest while it stands,
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it will never stay up.
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If it has no economic value,
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it's worth more cut down.
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So it will be cut down,
burnt down and exported.
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"It's elementary,
my dear Watson."
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The debate on the Amazon
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is not about what can
or cannot be done.
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00:21:32,875 --> 00:21:36,292
The important thing
is to discuss
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00:21:36,958 --> 00:21:40,250
how things can be done
differently.
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00:21:40,875 --> 00:21:43,375
There is room
for big projects,
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big sustainable projects.
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00:21:47,958 --> 00:21:50,167
On the other hand,
a large part
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00:21:50,458 --> 00:21:53,250
of the good things that
can happen,
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00:21:53,792 --> 00:21:57,583
in relation to the sustainable
development of the Amazon,
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00:21:57,917 --> 00:22:00,917
will be more localised,
on a smaller scale.
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It's important that they
communicate properly.
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In my opinion,
however large or small,
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00:22:09,208 --> 00:22:10,917
projects in the Amazon
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00:22:11,292 --> 00:22:13,917
should always be concerned
with ethical behavior.
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How to plan activities
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00:22:16,833 --> 00:22:20,458
in order for them to
coexist with the forest
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00:22:20,917 --> 00:22:25,125
and with the Amazon
people.
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00:22:42,042 --> 00:22:48,958
I arrived here
on November 30, 1968.
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I came here as
an agricultural engineer
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to help manage deforestation,
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help grow the first crops.
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An American,
Daniel Keith Ludwig,
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00:23:09,917 --> 00:23:14,000
decided that a great
investment, a great business plan
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00:23:14,375 --> 00:23:17,125
would be high quality
cellulose paper.
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00:23:25,875 --> 00:23:28,042
We didn't really
believe that a
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00:23:28,917 --> 00:23:32,833
ready-made factory
would get delivered on a ferryboat.
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00:23:33,250 --> 00:23:35,375
We just couldn't
believe it.
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00:23:38,208 --> 00:23:40,958
When we saw
that huge thing...
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00:23:43,583 --> 00:23:46,583
the kids that were
in front of the warehouse
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00:23:46,792 --> 00:23:50,250
saw it and ran
back home and hid.
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00:23:58,750 --> 00:24:01,458
They transferred the
management
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00:24:01,583 --> 00:24:03,208
from the Americans
to the Brazilians.
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They began to produce
cellulose from eucalyptus.
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00:24:13,042 --> 00:24:18,917
350,000 tons of eucalyptus cellulose was
produced a year, and certified.
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The question of
management came up
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00:24:29,458 --> 00:24:32,167
when we had an accident
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00:24:32,458 --> 00:24:35,000
in the generator pipe
at the plant,
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and we stopped working
for 6 months.
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We were completely dependent
on the cellulose plant,
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00:24:49,500 --> 00:24:51,417
what could we
do in addition to that?
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We decided to sell wood.
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00:25:49,125 --> 00:25:51,833
Then we thought about
adopting
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00:25:52,708 --> 00:25:56,000
sustainable management
for the forests
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00:25:56,333 --> 00:25:58,375
inside our land.
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We had no experience,
so we began slowly.
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As we learned more,
we improved
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00:26:07,125 --> 00:26:09,917
and produced more
and more.
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We have 632 species
of trees recorded,
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00:26:25,292 --> 00:26:27,958
and we're only using 7%.
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00:26:29,917 --> 00:26:33,208
The rest is untouched,
it's in the jungle.
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It's different because the
forest is being taken care of.
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Wherever you cut a tree,
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00:26:45,292 --> 00:26:47,292
wherever the company
extracts something,
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00:26:47,667 --> 00:26:50,333
we'll only go back there
after 30 years.
259
00:26:54,958 --> 00:26:57,458
Despite all progress
and sophistication,
260
00:26:57,792 --> 00:27:00,083
humans still use wood.
261
00:27:00,708 --> 00:27:03,417
Wood is a product that the
forest can provide permanently,
262
00:27:03,875 --> 00:27:06,917
as long as you
know how to use it.
263
00:27:07,583 --> 00:27:09,833
Is felling trees sustainable?
Yes, it is.
264
00:27:10,292 --> 00:27:11,833
As long as you do it right.
265
00:27:13,375 --> 00:27:16,125
You have to set the
forest aside,
266
00:27:16,458 --> 00:27:19,542
to regenerate for 30 years.
267
00:27:36,417 --> 00:27:38,833
Forest management is
268
00:27:38,875 --> 00:27:44,042
about us anticipating
that the trees
269
00:27:44,083 --> 00:27:47,583
will grow old and
die someday.
270
00:27:48,125 --> 00:27:50,958
The termites begin
to cut the fiber of the trees
271
00:27:51,167 --> 00:27:53,708
and eat them up,
272
00:27:53,750 --> 00:27:56,417
and one day,
during a storm,
273
00:27:56,708 --> 00:28:03,208
the trees will fall
and open a clearing.
274
00:28:14,375 --> 00:28:17,458
Management is about having
a well planned inventory.
275
00:28:17,792 --> 00:28:21,792
Seeing the trees we
want to cut,
276
00:28:22,458 --> 00:28:26,792
and before they grow old
and lose the commercial value
277
00:28:27,208 --> 00:28:28,792
of a nice healthy log,
278
00:28:29,625 --> 00:28:32,083
we harvest a few trees,
279
00:28:32,333 --> 00:28:35,333
from 3 to 5 trees
per hectare.
280
00:28:50,125 --> 00:28:53,417
Every tree coming
from the forest has an ID,
281
00:28:53,792 --> 00:28:57,375
a parcel number,
a lot number and a tree number.
282
00:29:00,875 --> 00:29:04,583
If someone buys wood
anywhere in the world
283
00:29:04,833 --> 00:29:08,583
from OrsaFlorestal,
they know where it comes from
284
00:29:08,792 --> 00:29:11,667
through the custody
chain process.
285
00:29:26,333 --> 00:29:31,167
Most illegal wood
produced in Brazil
286
00:29:31,375 --> 00:29:32,500
is not for exporting.
287
00:29:32,708 --> 00:29:35,083
It's used in Rio de Janeiro
and São Paulo.
288
00:29:35,750 --> 00:29:37,375
Most of it is used in
civil construction
289
00:29:37,708 --> 00:29:41,333
to build scaffolds,
that are then discarded.
290
00:29:41,833 --> 00:29:45,417
It's a poor use
of this biodiversity.
291
00:29:46,750 --> 00:29:50,500
In the national market,
it is hard to compete
292
00:29:50,917 --> 00:29:52,208
with noble wood,
293
00:29:52,500 --> 00:29:55,958
because there's still
a lot of wood
294
00:29:56,417 --> 00:29:59,333
coming from illegal projects,
295
00:29:59,625 --> 00:30:01,833
that are stolen
from the State.
296
00:30:03,792 --> 00:30:06,458
Those people are unlikely
to legalize their business,
297
00:30:06,875 --> 00:30:09,375
as long as there are people
paying for illegal wood,
298
00:30:09,958 --> 00:30:11,625
including the government,
299
00:30:11,958 --> 00:30:13,958
which should review their policy
of purchasing illegal goods.
300
00:30:14,167 --> 00:30:17,042
They should use certified wood in
all public constructions.
301
00:30:31,833 --> 00:30:34,708
The demand for
commodities,
302
00:30:35,042 --> 00:30:38,042
especially grains and meat,
303
00:30:38,208 --> 00:30:40,292
has been increasing
in the world.
304
00:30:40,917 --> 00:30:44,708
Economists no longer
think it's a bubble,
305
00:30:44,917 --> 00:30:46,333
but something consistent.
306
00:30:47,542 --> 00:30:49,792
The population of
the planet
307
00:30:50,125 --> 00:30:52,625
has significantly increased,
308
00:30:53,042 --> 00:30:57,833
therefore, there's high demand
and the last remaining areas
309
00:30:58,167 --> 00:31:02,625
available to supply
this demand
310
00:31:03,333 --> 00:31:06,375
are the tropical areas,
especially the Amazon.
311
00:31:17,583 --> 00:31:20,833
Cattle raising in the
Amazon is pre-historic.
312
00:31:22,333 --> 00:31:24,083
They just
leave the cattle there
313
00:31:24,292 --> 00:31:25,875
and wait until they
get fat.
314
00:31:38,125 --> 00:31:42,708
Cattle raising
is a human activity.
315
00:31:43,125 --> 00:31:47,250
All other activities,
particularly in rural areas,
316
00:31:47,625 --> 00:31:50,875
came after cattle raising.
317
00:31:57,417 --> 00:32:01,042
When I first came here,
people considered me
318
00:32:01,375 --> 00:32:04,667
a brave man for
conquering the Amazon.
319
00:32:05,167 --> 00:32:07,167
For us, to come here
320
00:32:07,500 --> 00:32:10,042
from the South
or Southeast Region
321
00:32:10,625 --> 00:32:12,083
to this part of the North,
322
00:32:12,333 --> 00:32:14,458
what did we need?
323
00:32:14,792 --> 00:32:17,167
Something to
attract us. What?
324
00:32:17,375 --> 00:32:21,375
While we had 100 hectares
in the Southeast,
325
00:32:21,625 --> 00:32:24,500
the proposal was that we would
have 1000 hectares here.
326
00:32:28,250 --> 00:32:30,833
They just wanted
development at any cost.
327
00:32:31,042 --> 00:32:33,708
At this time the term
328
00:32:34,167 --> 00:32:35,917
"sustainable development" didn't exist.
329
00:32:36,250 --> 00:32:38,542
And the government funded
330
00:32:38,833 --> 00:32:41,250
the clearing of forests for pasture.
331
00:32:41,667 --> 00:32:44,375
So deforestation began.
332
00:32:51,458 --> 00:32:54,458
In the first 6 or 7 years,
it was just wonderful.
333
00:32:55,042 --> 00:32:59,042
We produced more than
anyone anywhere else.
334
00:32:59,708 --> 00:33:03,292
This wasn't "Pará,"
it was paradise.
335
00:33:12,542 --> 00:33:14,542
Good morning, Paragominas.
336
00:33:14,708 --> 00:33:16,917
It's going to be a
hot day today.
337
00:33:17,167 --> 00:33:20,167
The air is dry and the rain
we're expecting hasn't come yet.
338
00:33:20,417 --> 00:33:24,667
At 93.3 Cidade FM,
we'll begin this morning
339
00:33:24,958 --> 00:33:27,125
with joy and energy.
340
00:33:27,375 --> 00:33:30,417
Let's give you
our first hit of the day.
341
00:34:15,917 --> 00:34:18,583
Paragominas witnessed
the cattle raising cycle,
342
00:34:18,875 --> 00:34:20,125
the rubber cycle,
343
00:34:20,917 --> 00:34:23,958
and recently, mineral activity
and agriculture.
344
00:34:24,542 --> 00:34:26,583
And in January 2008,
Paragominas was added
345
00:34:27,042 --> 00:34:29,500
to the blacklist of deforestation.,
346
00:34:29,625 --> 00:34:31,500
a list of the cities with
the worst deforestation.
347
00:34:33,625 --> 00:34:38,000
DEFORESTATION UNTIL 2010
348
00:34:39,042 --> 00:34:40,958
There's an embargo
against those on the list.
349
00:34:41,333 --> 00:34:45,542
The cities won't receive funds
or permission to produce.
350
00:34:50,792 --> 00:34:55,625
What could we do
to leave the risk zone
351
00:34:56,042 --> 00:34:59,542
and legalize our activities?
352
00:35:03,792 --> 00:35:08,167
We needed a pact, a zero
deforestation agreement,
353
00:35:08,333 --> 00:35:09,708
that we signed
354
00:35:09,917 --> 00:35:14,083
with 51 representatives from local
and other interested organisations.
355
00:35:14,750 --> 00:35:17,083
led by the rural
producers union.
356
00:35:17,458 --> 00:35:21,208
We had to check for those
disrespecting the agreement.
357
00:35:27,375 --> 00:35:30,458
Since it's a large municipality,
with 2 million hectares,
358
00:35:30,917 --> 00:35:33,125
the size of Belgium,
359
00:35:33,833 --> 00:35:35,458
twice the size of Lebanon,
360
00:35:35,708 --> 00:35:40,500
we needed to modernize our inspection method.
361
00:35:40,792 --> 00:35:44,250
A little car travelling around
wasn't good enough.
362
00:35:44,500 --> 00:35:47,583
Georeferencing and satellite
monitoring, is an important ally
363
00:35:47,792 --> 00:35:50,417
to the conservation
and use of the forest.
364
00:35:50,625 --> 00:35:52,750
By using satellite images
we can identify
365
00:35:52,917 --> 00:35:54,750
exactly where the problems are.
366
00:35:58,042 --> 00:35:59,958
In the beginning we thought
367
00:36:00,208 --> 00:36:02,958
that monitoring
wouldn't be necessary.
368
00:36:07,417 --> 00:36:09,500
Why has this changed?
369
00:36:09,750 --> 00:36:12,458
When you speak
to business people
370
00:36:12,708 --> 00:36:15,417
in an economic
and environmental language,
371
00:36:15,625 --> 00:36:16,958
the conversation flows.
372
00:36:17,917 --> 00:36:19,542
I work in an industry,
373
00:36:19,750 --> 00:36:22,000
my farm is an industry
that produces meat.
374
00:36:22,583 --> 00:36:24,708
And I need to know
375
00:36:25,292 --> 00:36:29,417
what I can do to produce
meat with less impact,
376
00:36:29,667 --> 00:36:31,833
so that it causes less impact
on the environment.
377
00:36:32,125 --> 00:36:36,375
I see this as a
demand of the market.
378
00:36:39,250 --> 00:36:42,250
Profitability is
the key to legality.
379
00:36:42,708 --> 00:36:45,375
Cattle today is
extensively produced,
380
00:36:46,083 --> 00:36:48,667
with one animal
per hectare on average.
381
00:36:49,042 --> 00:36:50,292
This is outrageous!
382
00:36:50,750 --> 00:36:53,417
But there is technology
available in the world
383
00:36:53,792 --> 00:36:57,375
allowing you to raise
3, 4, 6 animals per hectare.
384
00:37:08,875 --> 00:37:14,083
This low-technology
extractive cattle-raising,
385
00:37:14,583 --> 00:37:18,083
as I see it,
has its days numbered.
386
00:37:22,292 --> 00:37:25,333
We are managing
to raise cattle
387
00:37:26,042 --> 00:37:27,833
while preserving the forests
388
00:37:28,083 --> 00:37:31,792
and restoring the APPs (Areas for Permanent
Preservation) that were destroyed in the past.
389
00:37:32,208 --> 00:37:33,292
We are introducing
390
00:37:33,542 --> 00:37:36,833
low-carbon agriculture
to Paragominas,
391
00:37:37,375 --> 00:37:40,250
reforestation
in the past 3.5 years.
392
00:37:40,833 --> 00:37:44,958
Deforestation was reduced to practically
zero here in Paragominas.
393
00:37:48,125 --> 00:37:51,167
In March 2010, Paragominas
was removed from the list;
394
00:37:51,375 --> 00:37:53,042
the first Amazon municipality
395
00:37:53,250 --> 00:37:54,667
to be removed from
the blacklist.
396
00:38:39,375 --> 00:38:42,000
21st century Brazil must
make a stand
397
00:38:42,417 --> 00:38:44,625
for what it wants.
398
00:38:45,167 --> 00:38:47,042
Do we want
more of the same?
399
00:38:47,333 --> 00:38:49,333
Are we going to
be a continuation
400
00:38:49,542 --> 00:38:52,542
of a slave-owning past
of land owners
401
00:38:53,042 --> 00:38:54,167
and conservatives?
402
00:38:54,875 --> 00:38:58,292
When we look at the Forest
Code debate today,
403
00:38:59,125 --> 00:39:01,542
we see the similarity with the debate
404
00:39:01,750 --> 00:39:04,333
at the end of the 19th Century.
405
00:39:04,625 --> 00:39:07,375
When Brazil had
to make a decision
406
00:39:07,833 --> 00:39:12,875
between a slave-owning past
and a future of freedom.
407
00:39:28,042 --> 00:39:32,042
The arguments used
by those in favor of slavery,
408
00:39:32,292 --> 00:39:35,500
the majority of which
were in the Senate,
409
00:39:35,917 --> 00:39:37,625
in the Brazilian
Parliament at the time,
410
00:39:37,917 --> 00:39:42,125
are the same used
against the Forest Code.
411
00:39:42,583 --> 00:39:44,625
Slavery was necessary
for economic activity,
412
00:39:44,833 --> 00:39:47,917
without slavery
there would be no food.
413
00:39:48,125 --> 00:39:49,542
Brazil wouldn't
be able to export,
414
00:39:49,792 --> 00:39:51,542
which would result in an
economic crisis.
415
00:39:56,958 --> 00:40:01,625
This type of analogy
is completely relevant
416
00:40:01,833 --> 00:40:03,167
to today's debate,
417
00:40:03,500 --> 00:40:06,792
where an outdated sector
of Brazilian agriculture
418
00:40:07,167 --> 00:40:09,792
thinks that the way to move forward
419
00:40:10,208 --> 00:40:11,708
is by cutting trees down
and clearing areas
420
00:40:12,167 --> 00:40:15,500
and not by introducing
421
00:40:15,708 --> 00:40:18,833
innovations
with content and quality.
422
00:40:56,542 --> 00:40:58,542
We arrived here
423
00:40:58,792 --> 00:41:02,667
on September 22, 1929.
424
00:41:17,875 --> 00:41:19,792
From what
my parents told me,
425
00:41:20,458 --> 00:41:22,125
the place where I was born
426
00:41:22,625 --> 00:41:24,708
was a really poor place
427
00:41:25,208 --> 00:41:27,500
and the agricultural work
428
00:41:27,750 --> 00:41:30,458
couldn't be enhanced
or increased.
429
00:41:31,208 --> 00:41:33,208
I think that's why
my parents left
430
00:41:33,458 --> 00:41:35,792
to look for somewhere better,
431
00:41:36,083 --> 00:41:38,292
like Brazil,
with lots of land
432
00:41:39,250 --> 00:41:40,750
and a lot of places to work.
433
00:41:53,208 --> 00:41:56,917
The black diamond
(black pepper) in Asia
434
00:41:57,125 --> 00:41:59,375
was decimated
after World War II.
435
00:41:59,667 --> 00:42:01,542
But we still had pepper here.
436
00:42:01,750 --> 00:42:04,042
So we started growing pepper fast
437
00:42:04,333 --> 00:42:10,125
and in the 50's and 60's
we lived off black pepper.
438
00:42:14,625 --> 00:42:16,833
But good things are short-lived.
439
00:42:17,500 --> 00:42:20,333
We had a monoculture.
440
00:42:20,542 --> 00:42:22,583
A disease called fusariosis
441
00:42:23,042 --> 00:42:24,542
killed the pepper farms.
442
00:42:24,750 --> 00:42:26,625
And our co-op
from Tomé-Açu
443
00:42:28,042 --> 00:42:30,667
hit the very bottom,
444
00:42:31,042 --> 00:42:33,958
but fortunately
overcame the situation.
445
00:42:45,083 --> 00:42:48,083
In our area
after the 1970's,
446
00:42:48,292 --> 00:42:50,708
there was a huge change.
447
00:42:50,958 --> 00:42:53,375
And today there's a lot of talk
448
00:42:53,583 --> 00:42:55,375
about our municipality
449
00:42:55,750 --> 00:42:58,250
because of its
sustainable agriculture,
450
00:42:58,458 --> 00:43:00,500
the agroforestry system.
451
00:43:10,875 --> 00:43:13,292
When you fly over
in a chopper,
452
00:43:13,458 --> 00:43:15,750
you think it's just a forest,
453
00:43:15,917 --> 00:43:18,292
but it's a productive one.
454
00:43:18,708 --> 00:43:22,208
We have cocoa,
cupuaçu, açai,
455
00:43:22,500 --> 00:43:25,625
rubber, a number of species.
456
00:43:26,042 --> 00:43:27,833
It's not monoculture.
457
00:43:28,042 --> 00:43:30,833
If there is a disease,
it won't kill everything,
458
00:43:31,333 --> 00:43:33,583
there will be a problem
in one area,
459
00:43:33,875 --> 00:43:35,375
but the others will be safe.
460
00:43:35,792 --> 00:43:40,042
We work in the
agroforestry system
461
00:43:41,833 --> 00:43:45,333
and we've found, especially
in the Japanese market,
462
00:43:46,875 --> 00:43:50,958
partners that
appreciate our system
463
00:43:51,042 --> 00:43:54,250
of natural environment protection.
464
00:43:58,500 --> 00:43:59,958
Excuse me.
465
00:44:30,500 --> 00:44:34,167
We see the natural
forest as wilderness,
466
00:44:35,833 --> 00:44:39,042
not as something
related to progress.
467
00:44:39,625 --> 00:44:41,958
One of the main paradigms
468
00:44:42,458 --> 00:44:46,292
to rethink is the forest,
469
00:44:47,042 --> 00:44:49,417
and see the area
as something
470
00:44:49,792 --> 00:44:51,542
that represents
an economic opportunity.
471
00:44:52,042 --> 00:44:54,042
The animals also came back.
472
00:44:54,292 --> 00:44:58,500
Now I see many birds here,
473
00:44:59,042 --> 00:45:00,708
and bats at night.
474
00:45:01,417 --> 00:45:03,417
They eat the fruit
475
00:45:03,667 --> 00:45:07,750
and spread the seeds naturally.
476
00:45:08,250 --> 00:45:10,708
That's the agriculture
of the future.
477
00:45:11,250 --> 00:45:14,958
Destructive agriculture
is history.
478
00:45:15,458 --> 00:45:18,542
You must learn
to coexist with nature,
479
00:45:18,875 --> 00:45:22,000
that's what we've been doing
here for the past 80 years.
480
00:45:39,625 --> 00:45:42,708
ETERNAL AMAZON
481
00:45:48,250 --> 00:45:51,500
The Amazon is really eternal.
482
00:45:52,417 --> 00:45:54,042
Because...
483
00:45:54,792 --> 00:45:58,333
since the ancient past,
the Amazon
484
00:45:58,958 --> 00:46:01,167
was the land of the myths,
485
00:46:01,708 --> 00:46:03,583
the Amazonian women.
486
00:46:04,083 --> 00:46:07,333
Whenever there's
a problem on Earth,
487
00:46:08,500 --> 00:46:12,833
or something good,
or a tragedy or a crisis,
488
00:46:13,167 --> 00:46:14,875
the Amazon reappears.
489
00:46:15,417 --> 00:46:18,833
It seems to be a utopia
490
00:46:20,333 --> 00:46:23,042
that will solve the planet
491
00:46:23,292 --> 00:46:26,333
and its civilization's problems.
492
00:46:55,583 --> 00:46:59,208
The Amazon is neither
the breadbasket of the world
493
00:46:59,583 --> 00:47:01,208
nor the world's warehouse
494
00:47:01,667 --> 00:47:03,125
or its lung.
495
00:47:03,417 --> 00:47:06,875
The Amazon is
the area in the world
496
00:47:07,333 --> 00:47:09,583
that can generate
a new civilization,
497
00:47:10,042 --> 00:47:12,500
a new civilizing process.
498
00:47:37,375 --> 00:47:40,583
Through knowledge and science,
499
00:47:40,958 --> 00:47:46,125
by recovering the Amazon's
millenary knowledge,
500
00:47:46,500 --> 00:47:48,625
we need to create a new way of life,
501
00:47:49,208 --> 00:47:53,625
which is not linked
to quantity
502
00:47:53,917 --> 00:47:58,333
but to a possibility
of a more substantial existence.
503
00:47:58,375 --> 00:48:00,542
There is no sustainable
development in the Amazon
504
00:48:00,792 --> 00:48:03,292
without integration,
social inclusion,
505
00:48:03,500 --> 00:48:05,292
a better quality of life
506
00:48:05,458 --> 00:48:11,083
and freedom to the people
living in the Amazon.
507
00:48:11,125 --> 00:48:13,250
But we cannot turn this
508
00:48:13,917 --> 00:48:17,458
into a hypocritical argument,
509
00:48:18,083 --> 00:48:19,958
like when people say:
510
00:48:20,417 --> 00:48:23,333
there are 25 million people
in the Amazon,
511
00:48:23,542 --> 00:48:25,333
so we need to keep on growing.
512
00:48:25,625 --> 00:48:28,333
It has got the lowest HDI
(Human Development Index) in Brazil.
513
00:48:28,792 --> 00:48:31,708
It's the same colonial model,
514
00:48:31,750 --> 00:48:33,542
used in the colonial days
515
00:48:33,875 --> 00:48:36,167
of the Backlands spices
516
00:48:36,583 --> 00:48:39,083
and then the rubber cycle.
517
00:48:40,417 --> 00:48:42,042
Do you understand?
518
00:48:42,333 --> 00:48:44,750
A region cannot develop
519
00:48:45,167 --> 00:48:49,042
when its resources
are continuously exploited
520
00:48:49,333 --> 00:48:50,542
and exported.
521
00:48:51,083 --> 00:48:54,083
The Amazon production
chains are short,
522
00:48:54,333 --> 00:48:55,542
incomplete.
523
00:48:55,792 --> 00:48:58,583
It's about exploitation
and exportation.
524
00:48:59,042 --> 00:49:03,125
Value accumulation
is done abroad.
525
00:49:20,417 --> 00:49:24,458
There was a time when
the rubber cycle accounted for
526
00:49:25,458 --> 00:49:29,292
40% of all
Brazilian exports.
527
00:49:30,042 --> 00:49:32,458
This was achieved
by 5% of the population
528
00:49:32,792 --> 00:49:34,083
living in the Amazon,
529
00:49:34,375 --> 00:49:36,208
working under
poor conditions.
530
00:49:36,500 --> 00:49:41,417
So when the crisis breaks down,
this population is abandoned
531
00:49:41,792 --> 00:49:43,333
in the middle of the forest.
532
00:49:59,667 --> 00:50:01,417
You walk a lot.
533
00:50:03,500 --> 00:50:05,125
Sometimes I walk
for 11 hours.
534
00:50:05,583 --> 00:50:07,917
And I don't know
how many kilometers
535
00:50:08,083 --> 00:50:10,083
a person walks
in 11 hours.
536
00:50:10,583 --> 00:50:14,000
In a straight line,
it would be a lot.
537
00:50:15,667 --> 00:50:17,250
I don't think
it's a bad thing
538
00:50:17,667 --> 00:50:20,542
to walk in the forest,
see the animals, the birds.
539
00:50:21,042 --> 00:50:22,917
You see so many
things in the forest!
540
00:50:28,750 --> 00:50:31,750
We normally wake up
at 1 am.
541
00:50:32,542 --> 00:50:34,208
I don't even watch
a soap opera.
542
00:50:34,542 --> 00:50:36,250
I go to bed
so I won't oversleep.
543
00:50:45,792 --> 00:50:49,667
If you work
a latex trail well,
544
00:50:50,167 --> 00:50:53,667
you can work
those trails for 100 years
545
00:50:54,583 --> 00:50:56,167
without a problem.
546
00:50:56,500 --> 00:50:58,667
The tree gets
healthier and healthier.
547
00:50:59,042 --> 00:51:01,083
I learned from my father.
548
00:51:01,417 --> 00:51:03,625
He even hit me on the head
a couple of times.
549
00:51:04,125 --> 00:51:05,833
He'd say: Do it right.
This is a family tree.
550
00:51:06,208 --> 00:51:08,667
It will raise you
just like your mother.
551
00:51:54,958 --> 00:52:00,375
We normally talk about
trips that take hours.
552
00:52:01,125 --> 00:52:05,542
Some just a few hours,
others many hours.
553
00:52:06,167 --> 00:52:09,250
In the Amazon we talk
about trips that take days,
554
00:52:09,625 --> 00:52:12,667
some a few days,
while others take many days.
555
00:52:15,792 --> 00:52:18,208
From Manaus
to the district of Carauari
556
00:52:18,375 --> 00:52:19,500
it's 8 days on a boat.
557
00:52:20,208 --> 00:52:22,625
8 days to arrive
in the district of Carauari
558
00:52:23,250 --> 00:52:26,500
and from there
it's another 52 hours.
559
00:52:37,375 --> 00:52:38,917
What makes the
riverside trade work?
560
00:52:39,125 --> 00:52:41,417
It's a place where people living
561
00:52:41,875 --> 00:52:44,500
up to 52 hours from
the municipality center
562
00:52:44,958 --> 00:52:49,750
can trade what they produce
without leaving their community
563
00:52:50,250 --> 00:52:52,875
and can also acquire basic products
564
00:52:53,292 --> 00:52:56,875
for the cheapest price in the area.
565
00:53:09,083 --> 00:53:12,208
Women don't like
to live in want.
566
00:53:12,917 --> 00:53:15,667
When there's something missing
at home, they get angry.
567
00:53:15,958 --> 00:53:19,375
And with all this trading,
the women get excited.
568
00:53:31,375 --> 00:53:34,000
In older days,
rubber tapping
569
00:53:34,792 --> 00:53:38,417
was slave work for
major rubber tappers.
570
00:53:40,583 --> 00:53:42,750
Their work
wasn't profitable.
571
00:53:43,042 --> 00:53:45,250
They couldn't
foresee their future
572
00:53:45,458 --> 00:53:48,042
because they owed money
from harvest to harvest.
573
00:53:52,542 --> 00:53:54,792
Before we moved
to the community,
574
00:53:55,125 --> 00:53:57,542
the land had an owner.
575
00:53:58,208 --> 00:54:01,833
So whenever I wanted to expand
the land for growing crops,
576
00:54:02,208 --> 00:54:03,625
I had to talk to him,
577
00:54:04,208 --> 00:54:06,750
"Are you going to let me
grow something there?"
578
00:54:07,042 --> 00:54:11,500
He'd say, "If it's
in good land, no way."
579
00:54:12,708 --> 00:54:16,417
To fish on the lake,
I had to talk to him,
580
00:54:16,792 --> 00:54:19,833
"We're starving.
Can we fish something?"
581
00:54:20,167 --> 00:54:22,333
"You can catch one.
That's it", he'd say.
582
00:54:25,042 --> 00:54:27,250
We had to do
whatever he told us.
583
00:54:28,042 --> 00:54:30,167
We had no rights.
584
00:54:32,917 --> 00:54:34,958
São Raimundo calling.
585
00:54:35,167 --> 00:54:37,167
We have merchandise coming in.
586
00:54:37,333 --> 00:54:39,625
We have goods going out.
587
00:54:41,167 --> 00:54:43,375
Have you started
loading the output?
588
00:54:43,833 --> 00:54:47,917
We'll try to fill up
the papers and send it too.
589
00:54:51,417 --> 00:54:54,417
The entire process
is recorded,
590
00:54:54,417 --> 00:54:56,250
the tavern keeper does that.
591
00:54:57,250 --> 00:54:58,875
Traders buy their output,
or the rubber,
592
00:54:59,167 --> 00:55:01,292
and sell their merchandise.
593
00:55:02,125 --> 00:55:05,875
In Carauari for the riverside communities,
594
00:55:06,917 --> 00:55:09,542
this problem of marketing our output
595
00:55:10,042 --> 00:55:11,250
has been overcome.
596
00:55:16,458 --> 00:55:21,208
I moved to the reserve
and I don't regret it.
597
00:55:21,917 --> 00:55:25,583
We don't have to ask
anyone for anything.
598
00:55:26,292 --> 00:55:30,125
I own this.
This area is mine.
599
00:55:31,583 --> 00:55:34,125
I have three good
rubber trails.
600
00:55:34,792 --> 00:55:36,917
I have land to grow crops,
601
00:55:37,125 --> 00:55:39,625
we have plenty of it here.
602
00:56:58,667 --> 00:57:01,042
Mom, buy me
some coconut water.
603
00:57:36,167 --> 00:57:39,042
The Amazon heritage
is priceless,
604
00:57:39,458 --> 00:57:41,708
not only in its trees
605
00:57:42,083 --> 00:57:44,000
or in its animal diversity;
606
00:57:44,208 --> 00:57:46,125
it's not just
fauna and flora.
607
00:57:46,458 --> 00:57:48,000
It's the culture
608
00:57:48,333 --> 00:57:50,417
of the Brazilians
who live there,
609
00:57:50,792 --> 00:57:53,833
the way of life of the
Brazilians who live there,
610
00:57:54,292 --> 00:57:56,000
the dreams they have.
611
00:58:04,958 --> 00:58:06,958
The locals can't be condemned
612
00:58:07,750 --> 00:58:12,042
to live as if in the 16th
or 17th century,
613
00:58:12,625 --> 00:58:14,792
in exchange for
forest conservation.
614
00:58:15,208 --> 00:58:17,500
We must find a strategy,
a common ground
615
00:58:17,958 --> 00:58:20,375
that will combine
a better life,
616
00:58:20,667 --> 00:58:23,167
access to resources,
education and technology
617
00:58:23,375 --> 00:58:25,292
with the conservation
of the Amazon.
618
00:58:51,292 --> 00:58:53,750
Use the eyeshadow
you always use.
619
00:59:03,417 --> 00:59:06,125
Hello, we're back
to our reading class.
620
00:59:06,417 --> 00:59:08,917
We've had a few here before,
in 2nd grade.
621
00:59:09,125 --> 00:59:14,458
We want to prepare you
for the Enem exam,
622
00:59:14,750 --> 00:59:17,417
that covers English now,
623
00:59:18,042 --> 00:59:20,500
and we work a lot
with texts.
624
00:59:21,042 --> 00:59:23,333
Let's continue with
another reading class
625
00:59:23,708 --> 00:59:27,833
talking about
reading techniques,
626
00:59:28,333 --> 00:59:32,250
the cognate words,
repeated words,
627
00:59:32,500 --> 00:59:36,292
typographic marks, remember?
628
00:59:41,625 --> 00:59:44,792
I live here in Cristo Salvador,
in Patauá.
629
00:59:45,500 --> 00:59:49,708
I grow crops, cassava,
630
00:59:49,958 --> 00:59:51,708
vegetables, greens.
631
00:59:52,667 --> 00:59:54,458
Most people here
live off that,
632
00:59:54,917 --> 00:59:56,917
it's the livelihood
of the family.
633
01:00:00,042 --> 01:00:03,042
During this season,
we can't grow anything,
634
01:00:03,208 --> 01:00:04,583
because it's submerged.
635
01:00:04,792 --> 01:00:09,625
When the water recedes,
we grow everything again.
636
01:00:18,042 --> 01:00:20,583
I dropped out of school
for a while.
637
01:00:20,792 --> 01:00:23,792
I got pregnant
at an early age, at 17.
638
01:00:24,667 --> 01:00:26,083
Her dad left me.
639
01:00:26,333 --> 01:00:28,625
I was on my own
when I was pregnant,
640
01:00:28,917 --> 01:00:30,542
so I couldn't
go back to school.
641
01:00:32,500 --> 01:00:35,667
When we first started
in 2007,
642
01:00:35,917 --> 01:00:38,500
the students
had two options:
643
01:00:38,708 --> 01:00:41,250
dropping out of school
or moving.
644
01:00:41,500 --> 01:00:43,375
Today they have a choice,
645
01:00:43,542 --> 01:00:45,125
we have a geographic
challenge.
646
01:00:45,625 --> 01:00:49,167
The solution to overcome
the geographic barriers
647
01:00:49,792 --> 01:00:51,375
was the use of technology
648
01:00:51,958 --> 01:00:54,625
to teach students
living in isolated areas,
649
01:00:55,083 --> 01:00:58,458
in indigenous communities
and in border areas.
650
01:00:58,833 --> 01:01:00,542
I'm sure you
were able to do it.
651
01:01:00,792 --> 01:01:04,583
I saw the answers
some of you posted in the chat.
652
01:01:04,917 --> 01:01:06,708
I'm replying now.
That's right.
653
01:01:07,083 --> 01:01:09,875
Let's see who I'm going
to speak to first.
654
01:01:10,417 --> 01:01:12,042
Manacapuru 39.
655
01:01:13,042 --> 01:01:15,042
"Forest" sounds just
like "floresta".
656
01:01:15,375 --> 01:01:18,625
Do the forests in England
look like ours?
657
01:01:51,583 --> 01:01:54,167
Going back to school
was a dream to me
658
01:01:54,292 --> 01:01:57,167
and now that I have my family,
my children next to me,
659
01:01:57,625 --> 01:01:58,958
it's pure joy.
660
01:01:59,625 --> 01:02:02,625
14,000 students
have finished school
661
01:02:02,833 --> 01:02:04,625
using this methodology,
662
01:02:05,375 --> 01:02:07,583
as well as some social indicators,
663
01:02:07,833 --> 01:02:11,125
such as people returning to their communities.
664
01:02:15,458 --> 01:02:16,875
This is paradise!
665
01:02:17,042 --> 01:02:19,417
We're in the middle
of the jungle.
666
01:02:19,667 --> 01:02:21,708
Things here are peaceful,
667
01:02:22,250 --> 01:02:23,875
there are no criminals
being chased,
668
01:02:24,042 --> 01:02:25,708
no thefts.
669
01:02:25,875 --> 01:02:27,167
We have a peaceful life.
670
01:02:27,542 --> 01:02:29,958
We have fresh fish
to catch
671
01:02:30,292 --> 01:02:32,583
and vegetables
to season the fish.
672
01:02:33,458 --> 01:02:36,083
We're blessed.
There's nothing better.
673
01:02:36,500 --> 01:02:38,917
Right?
There's nothing better.
674
01:03:03,625 --> 01:03:06,500
It's time for us
to make a big choice.
675
01:03:07,167 --> 01:03:09,167
Science has shown
that the planet
676
01:03:09,417 --> 01:03:11,208
is not following
its proper path,
677
01:03:11,417 --> 01:03:13,333
the path of sustainability.
678
01:03:14,583 --> 01:03:16,583
We are fighting
for a planet
679
01:03:16,667 --> 01:03:18,250
with minimum
living conditions,
680
01:03:18,792 --> 01:03:20,708
with terms of occupancy.
681
01:03:21,083 --> 01:03:24,333
It doesn't have to be
extremely comfortable
682
01:03:24,792 --> 01:03:26,333
or free of problems.
683
01:03:26,667 --> 01:03:29,167
We are losing our right
to live on this planet
684
01:03:29,625 --> 01:03:32,083
because of the way we produce and consume,
685
01:03:32,458 --> 01:03:35,083
and because there's no dialogue
between the environmental
686
01:03:35,333 --> 01:03:37,042
and economic factors.
687
01:04:00,292 --> 01:04:04,208
The Amazon ecosystem
plays a very important role
688
01:04:04,542 --> 01:04:07,542
in climate regulation
689
01:04:07,750 --> 01:04:10,625
both locally and regionally
690
01:04:11,042 --> 01:04:12,417
and probably globally,
691
01:04:12,917 --> 01:04:15,333
since the Amazon
is really big.
692
01:04:15,958 --> 01:04:18,708
Whatever happens
in the Amazon is reflected
693
01:04:19,042 --> 01:04:20,500
in distant areas.
694
01:04:36,542 --> 01:04:38,750
What we know today
about the dynamics
695
01:04:38,833 --> 01:04:40,917
of the process
of climate and atmosphere.
696
01:04:41,208 --> 01:04:46,208
That the influence
of intense rain in the Amazon
697
01:04:46,792 --> 01:04:51,042
can be felt
in North America, Europe,
698
01:04:51,542 --> 01:04:54,250
the South of Brazil,
Africa, South Africa,
699
01:04:54,458 --> 01:04:56,583
it spreads
all over the world.
700
01:05:09,458 --> 01:05:12,250
The connections,
like a seesaw,
701
01:05:12,417 --> 01:05:15,875
of a lot of rain in the Amazon
and little rain elsewhere,
702
01:05:16,333 --> 01:05:17,333
are very common.
703
01:05:17,625 --> 01:05:19,750
They're part of
the water and heat
704
01:05:20,083 --> 01:05:22,208
balance process
in the atmosphere.
705
01:05:23,292 --> 01:05:25,833
A balance must be reached.
706
01:05:29,042 --> 01:05:30,708
Nature wants efficiency.
707
01:05:45,042 --> 01:05:47,292
Flying rivers are
air masses
708
01:05:47,542 --> 01:05:49,292
travelling
around the country,
709
01:05:49,750 --> 01:05:52,625
that normally come
from the Amazon area,
710
01:05:52,875 --> 01:05:55,458
from the evaporation
and transpiration of the trees,
711
01:05:56,333 --> 01:05:58,417
and travel
throughout the country.
712
01:05:59,083 --> 01:06:02,375
The project aims to
follow the flying rivers,
713
01:06:02,708 --> 01:06:05,000
collect samples
of water vapor,
714
01:06:05,417 --> 01:06:08,125
determine the amount
that comes from the forest
715
01:06:08,542 --> 01:06:10,792
and its relation to the
economy of the country.
716
01:06:17,667 --> 01:06:22,292
We know that a large tree
can evaporate or transpire
717
01:06:22,542 --> 01:06:24,875
more than 1000 liters
of water in one day.
718
01:06:25,292 --> 01:06:27,875
The total amount of water
719
01:06:28,208 --> 01:06:30,708
evapotranspired
by the Amazon area
720
01:06:31,042 --> 01:06:33,042
is around
20 billion tons a day.
721
01:06:33,375 --> 01:06:37,833
If we consider that in Brazil,
only 5% of the productive lands
722
01:06:38,208 --> 01:06:40,667
have some type
of irrigation,
723
01:06:40,875 --> 01:06:43,125
and 95% don't normally
depend on irrigation
724
01:06:43,333 --> 01:06:46,125
but on rainwater which comes
in part from the Amazon,
725
01:06:46,375 --> 01:06:48,250
then we can understand
how important
726
01:06:48,458 --> 01:06:50,125
the flying rivers
are for Brazil.
727
01:07:16,458 --> 01:07:23,750
If we cannot give
an economic value
728
01:07:24,083 --> 01:07:25,583
to the forest soon,
729
01:07:25,792 --> 01:07:28,958
it will be
increasingly harder
730
01:07:29,167 --> 01:07:32,500
to justify the existence
of the forest.
731
01:07:42,083 --> 01:07:43,583
If the forest is lost,
732
01:07:43,875 --> 01:07:46,500
the water,
the porous aquifers,
733
01:07:46,667 --> 01:07:48,208
will disappear over time.
734
01:07:49,667 --> 01:07:51,792
It turns into a savannah,
735
01:07:52,583 --> 01:07:56,750
a type of grassland,
or low vegetation.
736
01:07:57,875 --> 01:07:59,417
It's a horrible scenario.
737
01:08:00,375 --> 01:08:04,500
It's so bad that in
50 years, Brazil would need
738
01:08:05,042 --> 01:08:07,500
a technology three times
more advanced
739
01:08:07,792 --> 01:08:09,583
than that of the US
to compensate.
740
01:08:10,250 --> 01:08:14,083
We would have the economic loss from the destruction of the
741
01:08:14,500 --> 01:08:17,083
Amazon with the economic gain of the technological progress.
742
01:08:27,625 --> 01:08:30,375
Most of what we see
as climate variation
743
01:08:31,042 --> 01:08:35,958
isn't global warming yet
because of the greenhouse gases.
744
01:08:36,542 --> 01:08:37,833
It's a change
in the use of the land.
745
01:08:38,542 --> 01:08:42,792
However, if nothing is done
about the greenhouse gases,
746
01:08:43,375 --> 01:08:46,417
in a few decades,
global warming
747
01:08:46,833 --> 01:08:48,375
because of greenhouse gases
748
01:08:48,667 --> 01:08:51,125
will prevail over
the other effects.
749
01:09:04,042 --> 01:09:06,458
Carbon in the atmosphere
750
01:09:06,958 --> 01:09:10,625
is a necessary
and useful element,
751
01:09:10,917 --> 01:09:14,917
as it is the raw material
for photosynthesis
752
01:09:15,250 --> 01:09:20,000
and necessary
to warm up the atmosphere,
753
01:09:20,208 --> 01:09:23,125
making sure that the
planet is not too cold.
754
01:09:26,958 --> 01:09:28,958
The problem is
755
01:09:29,042 --> 01:09:31,292
that the carbon
dioxide concentrations
756
01:09:31,583 --> 01:09:35,083
have increased considerably
in the past decades.
757
01:09:35,375 --> 01:09:37,958
Now it's heating up
the atmosphere.
758
01:09:54,917 --> 01:09:59,792
Carbon sequestration
by the forest is the process
759
01:10:00,208 --> 01:10:05,208
with which the forest
removes more carbon than it releases
760
01:10:05,250 --> 01:10:09,333
from the atmosphere
761
01:10:09,667 --> 01:10:11,708
through respiration.
762
01:10:12,625 --> 01:10:15,750
The excess carbon
it receives
763
01:10:16,125 --> 01:10:18,167
is stored in its biomass,
764
01:10:18,500 --> 01:10:21,500
in the canopy,
trunks, roots,
765
01:10:21,750 --> 01:10:23,208
the biomass of the tree.
766
01:10:24,958 --> 01:10:30,083
Deforestation means the opposite
of what the forest does.
767
01:10:30,292 --> 01:10:34,792
It releases carbon dioxide,
CO2, into the atmosphere.
768
01:10:45,375 --> 01:10:47,083
How the greenhouse gases
769
01:10:47,250 --> 01:10:50,250
are released is
of no consequence.
770
01:10:50,458 --> 01:10:53,042
It can be in the Amazon,
in a New York cab,
771
01:10:54,167 --> 01:10:57,500
or maybe from an Indian
cooking in New Delhi
772
01:10:57,750 --> 01:10:59,625
with firewood
or cow manure.
773
01:10:59,792 --> 01:11:01,625
Or maybe in the most
modern plant in Japan.
774
01:11:01,792 --> 01:11:04,000
The gases go into the atmosphere
and warm up the planet.
775
01:11:05,083 --> 01:11:10,250
When the global market
economy adds, for example,
776
01:11:10,458 --> 01:11:12,917
the cost of releasing greenhouse gases
777
01:11:14,792 --> 01:11:17,583
into the prices of all goods,
778
01:11:18,125 --> 01:11:21,167
then the gigantic reservoir
of carbon in the Amazon
779
01:11:21,792 --> 01:11:26,792
will finally be
properly valued.
780
01:11:27,042 --> 01:11:30,583
We can no longer escape
from the fact
781
01:11:30,833 --> 01:11:32,542
that we live
in one world only.
782
01:11:32,958 --> 01:11:35,708
And the Amazon
is a key player
783
01:11:35,917 --> 01:11:37,167
in the future of this world.
784
01:12:44,500 --> 01:12:46,375
The Xingu Indigenous Park
785
01:12:46,667 --> 01:12:48,708
has 2,8 million hectares
786
01:12:48,917 --> 01:12:52,333
with 16 indigenous peoples,
787
01:12:52,792 --> 01:12:54,083
surrounded
788
01:12:54,292 --> 01:12:58,792
by a monoculture,
mainly rice, soy
789
01:12:59,042 --> 01:13:00,875
and cattle-raising.
790
01:13:11,625 --> 01:13:14,167
All the riverheads
of the Xingu river
791
01:13:14,375 --> 01:13:16,292
are outside the Xingu park.
792
01:13:16,542 --> 01:13:19,125
Everything that happens
outside the park
793
01:13:19,375 --> 01:13:20,875
runs into the park.
794
01:13:36,125 --> 01:13:37,792
I arrived in Mato Grosso
when I was little.
795
01:13:38,208 --> 01:13:40,917
Whatever you can't do
today I did back then.
796
01:13:41,167 --> 01:13:42,833
Not just me
but everyone else too.
797
01:13:44,792 --> 01:13:47,917
We were supposed to
knock everything down.
798
01:13:51,917 --> 01:13:54,458
Honestly, fair and square,
799
01:13:54,958 --> 01:13:58,167
we've lost 30-40%
800
01:13:59,125 --> 01:14:01,500
of the riches
of the environment.
801
01:14:06,583 --> 01:14:09,000
We're talking about
300,000 hectares
802
01:14:09,667 --> 01:14:11,667
of riverheads and
riverside vegetation
803
01:14:11,833 --> 01:14:13,333
that were destroyed
or deforested.
804
01:14:37,417 --> 01:14:39,708
We began to worry
805
01:14:41,208 --> 01:14:43,667
when we saw the deforestation.
806
01:14:44,708 --> 01:14:46,250
Today the destruction
and settlements
807
01:14:46,583 --> 01:14:48,708
help destroy the forest.
808
01:14:51,125 --> 01:14:55,292
There's no forest close by
809
01:14:55,625 --> 01:14:57,708
to grow crops to eat.
810
01:15:06,417 --> 01:15:10,708
There is no material close by
for the men to build houses.
811
01:15:11,167 --> 01:15:13,833
They have to travel far
to get some.
812
01:15:16,958 --> 01:15:18,667
The Indians challenged
813
01:15:18,875 --> 01:15:21,125
the Social-Environmental
institute
814
01:15:21,458 --> 01:15:24,167
to work with the different
players living
815
01:15:24,333 --> 01:15:26,208
in the Xingu basin,
816
01:15:26,458 --> 01:15:30,042
to think about Xingu's
sustainability
817
01:15:30,292 --> 01:15:32,750
for the future
of the area.
818
01:16:02,750 --> 01:16:06,500
Today we collect seeds to plant
in the deforested area.
819
01:16:07,458 --> 01:16:10,083
With them, we plant
more things here.
820
01:16:13,042 --> 01:16:15,208
And I send the leftover seeds to the city.
821
01:16:15,417 --> 01:16:17,250
Some for you
and some for us.
822
01:16:22,583 --> 01:16:25,625
The seeds used
for planting
823
01:16:25,917 --> 01:16:27,792
come from
the Xingu seeds.
824
01:16:30,042 --> 01:16:33,958
We use the machinery
available on the farm
825
01:16:34,250 --> 01:16:35,958
of the owners,
the producers.
826
01:16:48,250 --> 01:16:52,250
In the past the relationship
between producers and Indians
827
01:16:52,458 --> 01:16:53,917
was conflicting.
828
01:16:54,083 --> 01:16:57,167
"They came here
and cut down the trees,"
829
01:16:57,375 --> 01:16:59,167
that was the conflict.
830
01:16:59,333 --> 01:17:03,500
In this area,
it was inconceivable
831
01:17:03,708 --> 01:17:05,167
5 years ago
832
01:17:05,750 --> 01:17:09,500
that Indians would go into
the Gaúcho Traditions Center.
833
01:17:09,958 --> 01:17:13,000
Today, not only did they
walk into the center,
834
01:17:13,375 --> 01:17:15,667
but they also danced there
835
01:17:15,958 --> 01:17:18,542
and were acknowledged
by the Gaúchos.
836
01:17:24,542 --> 01:17:28,167
It's a huge process
of social weaving,
837
01:17:28,542 --> 01:17:32,167
where the seed is the
thread that goes through
838
01:17:32,625 --> 01:17:34,625
the white and the Indian world,
839
01:17:34,958 --> 01:17:37,042
and the Indian
and the white world.
840
01:17:39,375 --> 01:17:41,417
I work with them,
we get along,
841
01:17:41,625 --> 01:17:43,125
I don't have
any problems with them.
842
01:17:43,375 --> 01:17:46,375
They liked it and so did I.
I learned a lot from them.
843
01:17:50,458 --> 01:17:51,875
In some villages,
when a child is born
844
01:17:52,083 --> 01:17:53,208
they plant a tree
845
01:17:54,208 --> 01:17:56,917
so the child has something
to eat when it grows up.
846
01:17:57,250 --> 01:17:59,667
The Indians don't worry
about themselves,
847
01:18:00,042 --> 01:18:02,875
they worry about their children
and grandchildren.
848
01:18:04,625 --> 01:18:06,708
I learned that from them
and I'll never forget it.
849
01:18:18,375 --> 01:18:20,667
The Indians have been in the
Amazon for thousands of years.
850
01:18:23,208 --> 01:18:27,750
The knowledge they have
gathered is important.
851
01:18:29,042 --> 01:18:33,833
So we should at least
suspect and ask ourselves
852
01:18:34,458 --> 01:18:37,500
if this millennia of experience
853
01:18:38,208 --> 01:18:40,083
could help us today
854
01:18:40,458 --> 01:18:43,042
to think of
a working model to overcome
855
01:18:43,542 --> 01:18:50,000
the problems evidently facing the Amazon.
856
01:18:56,333 --> 01:18:59,333
Humanity is an abstract concept,
it's never concretely existed.
857
01:18:59,583 --> 01:19:03,625
Concretely, we are Indians,
Pakistani, Israeli,
858
01:19:04,042 --> 01:19:06,958
Palestinian, Vasco fans
or Flamengo fans.
859
01:19:07,250 --> 01:19:09,958
We are tribal,
we live in clans.
860
01:19:10,500 --> 01:19:14,375
However, we impact on
the health of the entire population.
861
01:19:14,750 --> 01:19:17,417
The entire planet suffers
from the consequences,
862
01:19:17,708 --> 01:19:20,333
above all, for us,
the human civilization.
863
01:19:20,708 --> 01:19:24,500
So we must make
global decisions.
864
01:19:32,250 --> 01:19:34,917
Will we be able today,
865
01:19:35,917 --> 01:19:38,625
on behalf of future
generations,
866
01:19:39,333 --> 01:19:41,667
to make decisions
that will affect
867
01:19:41,958 --> 01:19:44,292
the future of the world,
of the Amazon
868
01:19:44,500 --> 01:19:47,667
in 50, 100 or 150 years?
869
01:19:59,750 --> 01:20:01,167
I see a future
870
01:20:02,875 --> 01:20:05,917
for my people
and also for the youth.
871
01:20:11,292 --> 01:20:13,458
From now on the future
depends on them.
872
01:20:15,542 --> 01:20:19,417
It depends on them
and only on them.